At least 16 people have been killed in intense border clashes between Thailand and Cambodia near the Preah Vihear temple, and diplomatic tensions soared after Thailand expelled a Cambodian diplomat, heightening fears of wider conflict.
What triggered the clashes?
The violence escalated after a land mine injured five Thai soldiers one severely, resulting in a leg amputation. Thailand accused Cambodia of planting the mine; Cambodia denied it, saying old ordnance was triggered and denying responsibility (Globedge).
Clashes reignited in late May, when a Cambodian soldier was killed near the disputed temple area. This followed months of rising tensions over prior incidents at Ta Muen Thom temple, including a controversial nation anthem episode earlier in 2025 (Wikipedia).
The fighting
Exchange of small arms, artillery, BM‑21 rockets, and F‑16 airstrikes across at least 12 locations along the border (Al Jazeera).
Thailand launched F‑16 strikes on suspected Cambodian military positions, including near the UNESCO listed Preah Vihear temple. Cambodia claims damage to the heritage site and vows legal action (ABC News).
Casualties & displacement
Thai officials reported 15 fatalities on their side 14 civilians and one soldier; Cambodia confirmed at least one civilian death bringing the toll to 16 or more (Al Jazeera).
Over 120,000 people have been displaced about 100,000 in Thailand and 20,000+ in Cambodia as villagers flee the border provinces (Al Jazeera).
Diplomatic escalation
Thailand recalled its ambassador to Phnom Penh and formally expelled Cambodia’s ambassador to Bangkok, sealing border crossings and imposing trade restrictions (Reuters).
Cambodia retaliated by downgrading diplomatic ties, expelling Thai diplomats and banning Thai imports and broadcasts (AP News).
Attempts at de‑escalation
ASEAN chair Malaysia, the UN, and major powers including the US, China, France, and the EU urged restraint and offered mediation but Thailand has rejected third party mediation, preferring bilateral dialogue, though it would accept ASEAN facilitation (The Guardian).
The UN Security Council is scheduled to hold an emergency session to address the escalating conflict (The Guardian).
Historical context
The Preah Vihear temple, perched on a cliff in the Dangrek Mountains, has long been disputed. Though located in Cambodia, Thailand contesting its ownership has triggered recurrent conflict.
The International Court of Justice issued rulings in 1962 and reaffirmed in 2013, granting Cambodia sovereignty over the temple and surrounding territory. Thailand is legally obliged to respect those rulings, but nationalist narratives continue to challenge them (Wikipedia).
A broader history of Cambodian irredentism and nationalist rivalry over historic Khmer heritage fuels tensions on both sides (Wikipedia).
Why it matters
Regional Security Risk: This is the deadliest escalation in more than a decade, raising fears of full scale war.
Humanitarian Crisis: Tens of thousands are displaced, with infrastructure damage, shelter shortages, and civilian trauma.
Diplomatic Flashpoint: The reciprocal expulsion of diplomats and border closures signal escalation beyond mere skirmishes.
Geopolitical Repercussions: ASEAN’s unity and global diplomacy could be tested as Thailand declines third party intervention.
Summary
The current crisis marks a dangerous turning point in Thailand Cambodia relations. At least 16 killed, mostly civilians; over 120,000 displaced; diplomatic ties shattered; and cultural heritage threatened all amid renewed border violence centered on long contested temple zones. As international actors call for peace, Thailand insists on bilateral resolution, while Cambodia is appealing to international justice mechanisms.
